马林英教授｜毕摩文化研究新成果：彝文新著《非遗传承人：毕摩的生命历程》
毕摩文化研究新成果
2026年新岁伊始，加拿大绿野出版社出版了一本彝文新著《非遗传承人：毕摩的生命历程》，作者系西南民族大学马林英教授（彝族姓名：沙马阿卓）。该书不仅开创了彝文专著国外出版的先河，同时也创下彝文专著入驻加拿大国家图书馆、加拿大国家博物馆和加拿大国家档案馆的新纪元。
该书系马教授于传统毕摩传承正产生现代变异开端之际，花5-6年时间接触最后一代原滋原味传统毕摩行将终结之际，用规范彝文采访和记录120位毕摩的彝语多声道口述信息。
马教授挖掘和呈现这份毕摩群体生命历程的动机和理念在于：一是，了却自身世袭毕摩后人多年的夙愿，告慰祖父辈“坚守彝汉文化两条腿走路”的教诲；二是，打破近现代毕摩文化研究始终聚焦“毕摩文献”“毕摩仪式”，严重忽视“毕摩群体”的学术局限性；三是，追求若干年后，当传统毕摩文化体系中的收徒原则、教学训练、 实践观摩、示范操作、学历结构和结业准则等文化事项变迁或消失之后，它却翔实记录在我们的纸质书籍中，让后人依然还能透过文字的保留，长久再现相当一段时间传统毕摩文化体系的历史价值和文化意义。
下面依序呈现专著“内容提要”和“目录”简明扼要以飨读者。
本书作者马林英教授
内容简介
“毕摩”通常跟随家族世袭的老一代恩师，经多年刻苦系统学习大量文献和严格观摩仪式示范训练，成为一名合格的彝族传统文化忠实继承者和悉心保存者，他们一生侧重对彝族经典文化的传承和传播。
然而，经毕摩数千年创造、积淀和传承、传播的独特“毕摩文化”体系，虽涵盖天文历法、宇宙理念、哲学思想、历史人文、宗教信仰、文学艺术、风俗习惯等多维度知识，却在时代飞速发展与社会急剧变迁的浪潮下，正面临诸多严峻挑战。尤其传承人才的严重短缺，使得毕摩文化的传承链条面临断裂风险；文化生态环境的不断被破坏，也让这一古老文化的生存空间日益狭窄。在此背景下，记录毕摩的生命历程，梳理毕摩文化的生态保护规律，极具现实价值和历史意义。
《非遗传承人：毕摩的生命历程》完全采集和归纳本世纪120位世袭毕摩或世袭毕摩后裔的鲜活口述录音整理资料，集中梳理和展演千百年来尚未被关注的彝族社会“非遗传承人”——毕摩群体的生命历程文化事项。全书包括“前言”“毕摩文化综述”“生命历程叙事”“传承毕摩文化体系”“《祭祀印章古籍》”和“附录”“后记”七个部分，内容主要涉及毕摩源流追述、毕摩历史贡献、幼年孩童时期、青年壮年时代 、晚年灵魂葬礼、授业结业章程、从业行毕规范、“非遗文化”传人 、“古籍”前世今生、访谈提纲汇总、受访传承人名录以及可用信息数与量的统计等方面。由此，呈现国家、省、州和市/县各级政府认可，或尚未获得殊荣的广大毕摩群体，如何在生生不息、代代相传的传统文化体系中授训成为当下国家非遗传承人？与此同时，也以三十多万字文本详录的方式，留存“非遗传承人”之各类技艺文化遗产。
马林英教授
目录
前言
第一章 毕摩传统文化
第一节 毕摩源流综述
一、历史溯源追述
二、社会地位评说
第二节 毕摩历史贡献
一、外部国际勋劳
二、内部文化功绩
第二章 生命历程叙事
第一节 幼年孩童时期
一、孕期与生产民俗
二、新生儿抚育惯制
三、预防与抵御早夭
第二节 青年壮年时代
一、结亲与联姻原则
二、洞房花烛的习俗
三、建房乔迁遵规范
四、逢年过节守时节
第三节 晚年灵魂葬礼
一、超度送灵的预备
二、灵魂超度全环节
三、非常规灵魂超度
第三章 传承毕摩体系
第一节 授业结业章程
一、授业体系多宗派
二、结业达标众层级
第二节 从业行毕规范
一、传承人职业守则
二、传承人专业学识
第四章《祭祀印章古籍》
第一节 “非遗文化”传人
一、梳理三位毕摩学历
二、归纳毕摩所见所闻
三、《祭祀印章古籍》内容综述
第二节 “古籍”前世今生
一、世袭“古籍”的世家
二、关于《祭祀印章古籍》
附录
后记
Recent Scholarship on Bimo Culture
At the beginning of 2026, Greenwilds Press in Canada published a new Nuosu-language monograph entitled The Life Journey of A Bimo: Practitioners of Intangible Cultural Heritage by Professor Ma Linying (Azu Shama) of Southwest Minzu University.
The publication represents a notable development in Nuosu-language scholarship. It is among the earliest Nuosu-language academic monographs to be published outside China, and it has been collected by Library and Archives Canada and the Canadian Museum of History.
This book was produced at a transitional moment, when traditional modes of Bimo transmission were beginning to undergo modern transformation and the last generation of fully traditional Bimo practitioners was approaching the end of its historical continuity. Over a period of five to six years, Professor Ma conducted sustained fieldwork with Bimo practitioners and used a standardised Nuosu language to interview and document the oral life histories of 120 Bimo. These materials record multi-voiced Nuosu-language narratives and preserve a rare body of first-hand accounts grounded in lived experience.
The motivation and intellectual orientation behind Professor Ma’s documentation and presentation of the life trajectories of the Bimo community are threefold. First, as a descendant of a hereditary Bimo lineage, the author fulfils a long-cherished personal aspiration and offers a form of response to her grandfather’s teaching to remain committed to both Nuosu and Han Chinese cultural traditions as parallel and mutually sustaining paths. Second, the study seeks to break through the long-standing academic limitation of modern and contemporary Bimo cultural research, which has consistently concentrated on Bimo ritual texts and ceremonial practices while neglecting the Bimo community itself as a social and historical collective. Third, the work is guided by the intention that, in the years to come, when key elements of the traditional Bimo cultural system, including principles of apprenticeship, modes of teaching and training, practices of observation and demonstration, educational structures, and criteria of completion, have undergone transformation or disappearance, they will nonetheless be faithfully preserved in printed form. Through this material record, later generations will still be able, via the endurance of the written word, to reconstruct over time the historical value and cultural significance of the traditional Bimo cultural system as it existed during a particular period. The sections below offer a concise summary of the book’s content and an outline of its structure, presented for the reader’s reference.
Content Summary
Bimos typically follow elder masters within hereditary family lineages and, through many years of rigorous and systematic training that includes the intensive study of extensive textual materials and careful observation of ritual demonstrations, become qualified and devoted inheritors and custodians of traditional Nuosu culture. Throughout their lives, they place particular emphasis on the transmission and dissemination of classical Nuosu culture.
Over thousands of years, Bimos have created, accumulated, inherited, and transmitted a distinctive cultural system commonly referred to as Traditional Bimo Culture. This system encompasses multiple domains of knowledge, including calendrical astronomy, cosmological concepts, philosophical thought, history and humanities, religious beliefs, literature and arts, as well as customs and ritual practices. In the context of rapid development and profound social transformation, however, this cultural system now faces severe challenges. In particular, the serious shortage of qualified practitioners has placed the continuity of Bimo cultural transmission at serious risk, while the ongoing destruction of the cultural ecological environment has increasingly narrowed the living space of this ancient tradition. In this context, documenting the life journey of Bimos and identifying the ecological patterns of Bimo cultural preservation possess significant practical relevance and historical importance.
The Life Journey of A Bimo fully collects and synthesizes organized materials derived from vivid oral history recordings of 120 hereditary Bimo practitioners or descendants of hereditary Bimos in the twenty-first century. It systematically organizes and presents the life-course cultural practices of the Bimo community, who are Practitioners of Intangible Cultural Heritage within Nuosu society and whose experiences have remained largely unnoticed over thousands of years.
This book consists of seven sections, namely Foreword, Traditional Bimo Culture, Narratives of The Life Course, Perpetuating the Legacy of the Bimo, The Ancient Manuscript of Sacrificial Seals, Appendices, and Afterword. Its contents mainly involve the tracing of Bimo origins, the historical contributions of Bimos, Early Childhood, Young and Middle Adulthood, Later Life and Soul-Transcendence and Funeral Rituals, Teaching, Learning, and Graduation Procedures, Professional Practice Norms, Practitioners of Intangible Cultural Heritage, the past and present of the Ancient Manuscript, compiled interview outlines, a directory of interviewed practitioners, as well as statistical analyses of the quantity and availability of collected information.
Through this, the book presents how a broad community of Bimos, including those recognized by national, provincial, prefectural, and municipal or county-level governments, as well as those who have not yet received such recognition, are trained within a living and continuously transmitted traditional cultural system to become contemporary national Practitioners of Intangible Cultural Heritage. At the same time, through more than three hundred thousand characters of detailed textual documentation, the work seeks to preserve a wide range of technical and cultural heritage practices associated with Practitioners of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Contents
Foreword
Chapter 1: Traditional Bimo Culture
1.1 A General Survey of Bimo Origins and Development
1.1.1 Historical Origins and Development
1.1.2 An Assessment of Social Status
1.2 The Historical Contributions of Bimo
1.2.1 International Recognition and Contributions
1.2.2 Internal Cultural Achievements and Legacy
Chapter 2: Narratives of The Life Course
2.1 Early Childhood
2.1.1 Ritual Practices of Pregnancy and Childbirth
2.1.2 Newborn Care and Child-Rearing Practices
2.1.3 Prevention of Early Childhood Mortality
2.2 Young and Middle Adulthood
2.2.1 Marriage Practices and Alliance Principles
2.2.2 Wedding Night Rituals and Customs
2.2.3 House Construction and Relocation Regulations
2.2.4 Seasonal Festivals and Calendrical Observances
2.3 Later Life: Soul-Transcendence and Funeral Rituals
2.3.1 Preparations for Soul-Transcendence Rituals
2.3.2 The Complete Ritual Process of Soul Transcendence
2.3.3 Non-Standard Soul-Transcendence Practices
Chapter 3: Perpetuating the Legacy of the Bimo
3.1 Teaching, Learning, and Graduation Procedures
3.1.1 Multiple Lineages and Transmission Traditions
3.1.2 Multi-Tiered Levels of Qualification and Completion
3.2 Professional Practice Norms
3.2.1 Ethical Codes and Professional Conduct of Practitioners
3.2.2 Professional Knowledge and Ritual Expertise
Chapter 4: The Ancient Manuscript of Sacrificial Seals
4.1 Practitioners of Intangible Cultural Heritage
4.1.1 Educational Backgrounds of Three Bimo Practitioners
4.1.2 Documentation of Bimo Knowledge and Lived Experiences
4.1.3 An Overview of the Contents of Ancient Texts on Ritual Seals
4.2 The Past and Present of the Ancient Manuscript
4.2.1 Families as Hereditary Custodians of the Ancient Manuscript
4.2.2 On the Ancient Manuscript of Sacrificial Seals
Appendices
Afterword
/ Recommendation
/ Reading list
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